Auckland in New Zealand has been named the world's most liveable city, in an annual ranking that has been shifted by the coronavirus pandemic.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) survey ranked 140 cities on factors including stability, infrastructure, education and access to healthcare.
But the pandemic proved to be the defining factor in this year's list.
It meant European cities fell while those in Australia, Japan and New Zealand rose up the rankings.
Those island countries responded swiftly to the coronavirus outbreak and were able to minimise cases and loosen restrictions.
European Union countries, meanwhile, had a sluggish start to their vaccine rollout and many member states imposed tough lockdowns which hurt their performance in this year's survey.
Auckland topped the list followed by Osaka in Japan, Adelaide in Australia, Wellington in New Zealand and the Japanese capital Tokyo. No UK cities made the top ten.
"Auckland rose to the top of the ranking owing to its successful approach in containing the Covid-19 pandemic, which allowed its society to remain open and the city to score strongly," the EIU said.
"European cities fared particularly poorly in this year's edition," it added. "Eight of the top ten biggest falls in the rankings are European cities."
Vienna, for example, fell from first place to 12th. The Austrian capital had led the list for several years, usually tied at the top with Melbourne.
But Hamburg in northern Germany had the most dramatic fall - dropping 34 places to 47th.
This trend was motivated by a "stress on hospital resources" which the study said had increased for most German and French cities, resulting in a "deteriorated healthcare score".
Lockdown measures and restrictions on movement also reduced overall liveability, the study said.
The ten most liveable cities in 2021
Auckland, New Zealand
Osaka, Japan
Adelaide, Australia
Wellington, New Zealand
Tokyo, Japan
Perth, Australia
Zurich, Switzerland
Geneva, Switzerland
Melbourne, Australia
Brisbane, Australia
The ten least liveable cities in 2021
Damascus, Syria
Lagos, Nigeria
Port Moresby, PNG
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Algiers, Algeria
Tripoli, Libya
Karachi, Pakistan
Harare, Zimbabwe
Douala, Cameroon
Caracas, Venezuela
Source: BBC
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